Examine some of the ways in which Marxists explain crime Essay

One way in which Marxists examine crime is the idea that they feel crime is inevitable in capitalism because capitalism in itself is criminogenic. Due to capitalism being based on exploiting the working class by using them as a means of making profit, this is therefore damaging to the working class and arguably explains why crime is committed. Due to the exploitation of the working class, which may lead to poverty and in some cases the only way to survive poverty, is by using crime in order to feed and clothe families. Crime may also be the only way the working class can compete in this world of consumer goods, encouraged by capitalist advertising, resulting in theft and robbery. Lastly the lack of control the working class have on their lives due to being controlled by their capitalist bosses and government can lead to frustration in the working class which in some situations can only be vented through violent crimes and vandalism. However this theory is floored as not all crime is committed by the working class and this theory does not take into account white collared crime such as tax fraud, therefore Gordon argues that crime is a rational response to the capitalist system and is therefore found in all social classes, even if the statistics say otherwise. Another Marxist idea that helps explain crime is Selective Enforcement. This is the idea that some Marxist do except that crime is widespread over all classes but the way in which the criminal justice system is applied, is unfair against those in working class and ethnic minorities. Whereas crime committed by the elite is ignored and treated with less severity. This is shown in Reiman’s book â€Å"The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison† the book shows that there is a disproportionally high rate of prosecutions against crime associated with the working class such a burglary and assault whereas crime typically committed by the rich such as tax evasion is treated with a more forgiving view in the justice system. This is could be argued to be due to the fact that people whom are more likely to commit tax fraud are affluent and therefore may have links in the justice system and can afford top lawyers. Neo Marxists are sociologist whom have been influenced by many ideas of traditional Marxists. Taylor agrees with agrees with the following Marxists theories on crime such as, the idea that capitalism exploits the working class, that the state enforces laws to benefit the higher classes and that capitalism should be replaced with a classless state in order for crime rates to decrease. However Taylor feels that that traditional Marxists are deterministic , for example traditional Marxists feel that workers commit crimes out of economic necessity. Whereas neo Marxists such as Taylor are anti-determinism and therefore feel that the reason why many of the working class commit crime is due to external factors such as anomie, subcultures and labelling. Due to this voluntarism view of the causes of crime, Taylor feels the working class aren’t just crime committing puppets and takes a micro approach to causes and looks at individual cases and argues whether external factors such as abu se at young age have taken on effect as to why crime is committed.

Leading as a principle of management

Andy Grove, Intel’s former legendary leader who oversaw this company in the time of its rising to its prominent position, has a remarkable leadership style. His style is really democratic, but forceful and demanding. As a result, a unique culture of â€Å"constructive confrontation† arose at the company that is a direct result of Grove’s managerial traits (Intel Corporation). He allowed his subordinates to insist on their views and arguments at the time of the discussion, but once a decision was reached, everybody was expected to demonstrate the highest level of commitment.As a leader, Grove is remarkable for several major traits that make him stand out from other leaders. First, he is superb in his skill to â€Å"align strategy and execution as the forces of globalization were creating enormous discontinuities in the business environment† (Garten 2005). He was always on the alert for whatever actions the competitors might take to challenge Intel’s dominance and kept a hold on the treacherous IT business environment. Managing the external environment of the business is an important skill that does not come easily to leaders; it takes years of experience and a highly focused personality able to keep an eye on what’s going on in the marketplace.In relationships with employees, Grove excelled in striking an important balance between disciplinary action and support of initiative. In giving his employees freedom to act, he maintained their zest for innovation that can only flourish in a democratically arranged corporate environment. At the same time, Grove maintained rigid discipline in terms of performance evaluation. He demanded measurement of every detail of the performance and was relentless in his requirements. The company executives introduced the so-called â€Å"management by objectives† in which an employee’s performance is evaluated against about 10 objectives all of which are gauged with quantifiable measures (Intel Corporation).Grove can also be applauded for his ability to preserve the flexibility in Intel’s operations at the time when the company was experiencing dramatic growth. Sheer size is often the problem for major corporations who lose market to more nimble competitors. Grove created a company that remains highly adaptable despite its mammoth proportions. Grove also built Intel’s corporate culture on values that have turned it into â€Å"very strong immune system† (Pandya et al. 2004).Grove is the kind of leader who does not get depressed in the tough times and continues to see the silver lining even in the times of a serious recession. In an interview with Business Week reporter he advocates the sizzling future of the tech industry despite temporary difficulties, insisting that â€Å"we can't even glimpse the potential† of the IT industry, even in the aftermath of the tech bubble and the general downturn in the business (Andy Grove: We canà ¢â‚¬â„¢t†¦).Grove’s optimism stems from his ability to manage change at the company. A particular instance of change at Intel involves the switch from memory chips to microprocessors in the 1980s. The field was entirely new for Intel, and yet the company emerged with dazzling success, turning into the global leader. Another example relates to the large-scale recall of Pentium chips after problems with their functioning surfaced in 1994. Andy Grove dealt with the issue with efficiency and initiative that worked to save the company’s damaged reputation. Andy Grove led the company towards success in the market for microprocessors and was able â€Å"to build the Intel brand (through the famous â€Å"Intel Inside† campaign) and used his savvy in managing risk to steer the company clear of antitrust regulators† (Pandya et al. 2004).Andy Grove spent an impressive 11 years as chief executive officer at Intel, continuing his leadership stance as chairman. Fin ancial data confirm the success of his leadership style and his ability to manage the company, taking it to a level of state-of-the-art perfection. A 31.6% annual rise in stock price, twice the speed of S&P 500, growth in revenues from $1.9 billion to $25.1 billion, doubling of the workforce to 64,000 people demonstrate the achievements of Andy Grove as a leader (Garten 2005).These are only dry numbers, and the main breakthrough was qualitative. Intel has been fully transformed into a leader of the global IT industry. First, it has become a truly international corporation, deriving a major portion of its revenues from abroad. Second, the corporation â€Å"became central to the growth of personal computers, cell phones, genomic research, computer-aided design, and virtually everything else that characterizes this age of digitalization and the Internet† (Garten 2005). Intel succeeded in a highly competitive environment of the IT industry, becoming an icon of success for many be ginning companies. Intel’s name is a brand worth millions of dollars, and its products like Pentium chips remain the symbol of the industry.Andy Grove has done a lot to translate his convictions for the board operation into real changes in its work. It took Grove six years to â€Å"make Intel's board exemplary† (Shlender 2004). In his own words, he highly evaluates his role â€Å"in developing the work environment and culture at the company and with the directors† (Shlender 2004). Andy Grove firmly believed in the independence of the board and the separation of the functions of the CEO and chairman. He put his burning conviction that the board should have an important role in making the good governance principles work in his books and lectures on the topic. His work as Chairman of the Board has made Intel’s board a reliable safeguard against management’s sloppy or immoral actions.Thus, Andy Grove was a great leader able to combine rigor with attent ion to others’ opinion and balance between giving his subordinates freedom to innovate, combined with the need to commit to the already taken decisions. His emphasis on discipline, strategic vision for growth, handle on the market and ability to manage change account for his personal success as a leader and impressive performance of Intel Corporation.BibliographyAndy Grove `We can`t even glimpse the potential`. Business Week 3846, Aug 25, 2003. 19 Sep. 05 .Garten, Jeffery E. â€Å"Andy Grove Made The Elephant Dance†. Business Week 3928, April 2005. 19 Sep. 05 .Intel Corporation: The Evolution of an Adaptive Organization. 19 Sep. 05 .Pandya, Mukul, et al. Best of the Best: Inside Andy Grove's Leadership at Intel. Prentice Hall PTR, Dec 10, 2004. 19 Sep. 05 .Schlender, Brent. `Inside Andy Grove`s Latest Crusade` Fortune 150.4, Aug 23, 2004. 19 Sep. 05 < http://www.fortune.com/fortune/ceo/articles/0,15114,678520,00.html>.

Reflection for “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings”

Reflection for â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† Abstract This essay consists of three sections. The first section, a brief synopsis of the book â€Å"I know why caged bird sings† is presented. At the second part, three insights after reading the book are introduced. That is, metaphor of caged bird, power of literacy, and power of silence. At the last section, discipline-specific knowledge that relevant to the main character of book is stated. Synopsis of the Text This autobiography is Maya Angelou’s coming of age story, and follows Marguerite’s (called â€Å"My’ or â€Å"Maya† by her brother) life from the age of three to seventeen.In this story, Angelou as the storyteller, tells the audience about her experiences as an African American girl living in the Southern United States and her struggles with racism and being raped at eight years old. The book reveals the process of how she overcomes these difficulties and transforms into a sel f-possessed, dignified young woman, capable of responding to prejudice. Her maturity is mainly gained by her grandmother, Momma, the power of literacy, and the love around her. The book starts with Marguerite at three years old.At three, she was sent to Stamps, Arkansas, with her older brother Bailey to live with her grandmother and crippled uncle. Momma owns a merchandise store in the Stamps, and her store is a center of the African American community. Church, school, and the store are main places that little Maya and her brother live around. They are acquainted with African American life in Stamps which is hopeful in the morning before they go to cut the cotton, then turns dissatisfied and disappointed in the evening when they return from the cotton field.  Read also Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  (PTSD).Stamps is a place where the black world and white world is clearly distinctive. Segregation makes them feel fear and hatred towards the white people in Stamps. Maya and her b rother’s relatively peaceful lives are disturbed by their father’s appearance at Stamps. He takes them to St. Louis, Missouri, to live with their mother. Later, Maya was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. After her mother’s boyfriend’s death, Maya misconceives that her words lead him to his death, and then she refuses to speak.This make her mother feel helplessness, therefore she decides to send her children to Stamps again. In Stamps, Maya meets Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who supplies her with books to encourage her love of reading and helps her to break through her shell. Later, Momma decides to send her grandchildren to their mother in San Francisco, California, to protect them from the dangers of racism in Stamps. Before Maya graduates, she becomes first African American female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.During her final year of high school, she worries that she might be a lesbian and initiates sexual intercourse with a teenage boy. Later, sh e finds out that she is pregnant. Maya gives birth at the end of the book and begins her journey to adulthood by accepting her role as a mother. Insights You Obtained from Reading this Text Metaphor of Caged Bird In this text, the cage is used to imply many things. In young Maya’s eyes, being black is like living in a cage; she always imagines she could escape from her black skin.In addition, her uncle’s handicapped body is his own cage. African American laborers in the Stamps cotton field are also being caged, because they are repeatedly doing the same labor work day after day, but their life does not seem to change. It is still very tough; they are like the caged bird cannot go anywhere. When the â€Å"powhitetrash† girls ridicule Momma, Maya looks through the window and watches the whole process of Momma being ridiculed by these girls. She was angry and wanted to yell at them but she could not, like the caged bird.From reading this text, I could know the seve rer victimization from racism and the impacts of segregation on African American person’s life at that time. When Maya firstly comes across the white community in Stamps, she feels fear and perceives the white people there are un-human. Segregation produces misunderstanding between the two groups and escalates the conflict. Power of Literacy Maya is scared about the power of words after the death of Mr. Freeman, and refuses to speak. After she goes back to Stamps, Maya met Mrs. Flower, who encourages her reading of books.Books become a refuge in her bewildering childhood. Maya finds characters of a book to make sense of her bewildering world. She even uses books as a way of coping with her rape. From the literacy, Maya gets comfort; literacy expands her thought and enables her to think independently without considering the unwritten rules of society at that time. Literacy also enhances Maya’s ability of thinking; it lets her have better understanding of herself, elabor ates her thought, and makes her become a stronger person. In addition, literacy inspires her to think what true human dignity is.It is very lucky for Maya to find a way to coping, as McPherson says, â€Å"if there is one stable element in Angelou’s youth it is a dependence upon books. † (McPherson, 1990, pp. 215). I wonder what the most dignified characteristic of a human being is. The answer I found from this book is not the color of skin, socioeconomic status, or power; it is the self-determined ability to not allows others to decide the value of themselves, because everyone is equally dignified. Power of Silence Maya’s grandmother is a quite successful African American woman in the African American community in Stamps.However, Momma and Momma’s family frequently suffered from racist attacks. On one occasion, Momma is taunted by â€Å"powhithetrash† girls. Maya sees Momma through the window coping with ignorance while being dignified. When these girls go to leave, Momma says to them â€Å"Bye, Miz†. After seeing how Momma fights with racism, Maya realizes racism can be fought without impudence, but instead with dignity. On the another occasion, Momma hides Uncle Willies in a vegetable bin to protect him from Ku Klux Klan raiders, because at that time, it was hard for a black man get protection from the police.Momma chooses very realistic ways to protect her family and shows to little Maya what truth dignity is. Discipline-Specific Knowledge that You Think is Relevant to this Main Character If Maya is a client, what should a practitioner do with Maya? At first, the counselor needs to decide the time that Maya come to see him or her. Maya has come to see the counselor after she has been raped. As described in the book, after this incident, Maya refused to speak and closed herself to the outside world. Therefore, it can be assumed that this period is the first crisis in Maya’s life.At the beginning of the counsel ing session, establishing a good relationship is very important. Sexual abuse involves betrayal of the child’s trust. The effect of such behavior makes a child who survives sexual abuse feel that it is difficult for them to trust others. Therefore, the counselor needs to make a tremendous effort to build a good rapport with Maya. We can utilize the things that Maya likes in the beginning of the session. As known from the text, Mrs. Bertha Flowers introduces books to Maya and encourage her love of reading books.Therefore, we can talk about characters or authors of books, or whatever can bring her interest. After establishing a good relationship with Maya and making sure that she is ready to talk, the counselor will do assessment. Through talking with Maya, the counselor can comprehend Maya’s feelings, her coping behaviors, her perceptions about the incident, her developmental tasks, and her ecosystem. At the end of the assessment, two main issues might emerge. That is, trauma from sexual abuse and racism-related issues, including obsession with race and an identity issue.It is said that counselors are ethically and legally mandated to report suspicions of child sexual abuse to authorities (Miller, Dove, & Miller, 2007). Therefore, documenting and reporting the suspected sexual abuse of Maya is the counselor’s first job. In the specific counseling session, the counselor needs to consider that treatment issues for child victims of rape typically includes many symptoms. Some of these symptoms include anger, trust issues, social withdrawal, self-blame, emotional dysregulation, dissociation, eating disorders, self-injury, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Budrionis & Jongsma, 2003).Previous research suggests cognitive-behavioral approaches â€Å"reduce the impact† of (child) sexual abuse (Berliner & Elliot, 2002), and are more effective than supportive therapy in promoting improvements in children’s knowledge about body safety sk ills (Deblinger, Stauffer, & Steer, 2001). The counselor could apply cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to identify distorted thinking, like how Maya thought being raped and Mr. Freeman’s death were caused by her; modify beliefs; facilitate relating to others in different ways; and changes Maya’s behaviors associated with her trauma.Next, the counselor needs to deal with the racism-related issues that Maya is experiencing. Cross model of psychological nigrescense (the process of becoming Black)(Cross, 1971, 1991, 1995;Hall & Cross, & Freedle, 1972) indicated that the evolution from the pre-encounter to the internalization stage reflects a movement form psychological dysfunction to psychological health. Evidence from the book supports an assumption that Maya is in her pre-encounter stage, where individuals consciously or unconsciously devalue their own Blackness and concurrently value White values and ways.This can be seen when Maya often imagines that one day she will escapes from her black skin and become a blond and blue-eyed white girl. African Americans at pre-encounter stage evidence self-hate, low self-esteem, and poor mental health (Vandiver. 2001), whereas African Americans with the greatest internalization of racial identity report the highest self –esteem (Pierre & Mahalik, 2005). It seems that accepting who you are and being proud of yourself are fundamental for African American to maintain mental health. However, long journey needs to be gone through in order to make changes.For changing the perception of herself and her perceptions towards African Americans, the counselor could introduce Maya with some movies or books of outstanding African Americans. Facing racism, Neal-Barnette and Crowther (2000) found that parents who focusing on human values and ignoring the role of race more likely generate children’s higher levels of social anxiety, particularly with African American peers. It means, for African Americans, it is crucial for parents actively prevent racism by admitting existence of racism, putting this issue on the table, and guiding their children to confront racism.In Maya’s case, the counselor could refer to Sue and Sue (2007)’s recommendation. That is, the counselor can employ family and community support systems. Specifically, members of the family and other important individuals (brother, Momma, uncle, teacher, etc. ) in Maya’s life could be asked to meet together in Momma’s home, and then all the members could share information about their struggles and search for identity. Sue and Sue (2007) indicated that, use of these techniques, derived from African American experience, can lead to personal empowerment. Reference Angelou, M. (1971).I know why the caged bird sings. New York, United States: Bantam Books. Berliner, L. , & Elliot, D. M. (2002). Sexual abuse of children. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, & Ct. T. Hendrix (Eds. ), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed). (pp. 55-78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Budrionis, R. , & Jongsma, A. E. (2003). The Sexual abuse Victim and Sexual Offender Treatment Planner. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Cross, W. E. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience: Towards a psychology of Black liberation. Black World. 20, 13-27 Cross, W. E. (1991).Shades of Black: Diversity in African American identity. Philadelphia: temple University Press. Cross, W. E. (1995). The psychology of Nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander(Eds. ), Handbook of multicultural counseling (PP. 93-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Deblinger, E. , Stauffer, L. B. , & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6 (4), 332-343. Hall, W. S. , Cross, W. E. & Freedle, R. (1972). Stages in the development of Black awareness: An exploratory investigation. In R. L. Jones (Ed. ), Black psychology (pp. 156-165). New Yourk: Harper & Row. Neal-Barnett, A. M. , & Crowther, J. H. (2000). To be female, middle class, anxious, and Black. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 129-136 McPherson, Dolly A. (1990). Order out of Chaos: The autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Miller, K. L. , Dove, M. K. , & Miller, S. M. (2007, October). A counselor’s guide to child sexual abuse: Prevention, reporting and treatment strategies.Paper based on a program presented at the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision Conference, Columbus, OH. Pierre, M. R. , & Mahalik, J. R. (2005). Examining African self-consciousness and Black racial identity as predictors of Black men’s psychological well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 28-40. Sue, D. W. , & Sue, D. (2007). Counseling the Culturally Diverse : Theory an d Practice. (5th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Vandiver, B. J. (2001). Psychological nigrescence revisited: introduction and overview. Journal of Multicultural counseling and Development, 29, 165-173.

Racism in the UK workplace and its affect on managers Essay

Racism in the UK workplace and its affect on managers - Essay Example Further, the paper will discuss how managers respond to the issue of racism and the skills used to solve racism in work place in United Kingdom. The human resources department cannot control the managers on what they do. Human resource mainly monitors employment practices to in the entire company cases of discrimination are monitored by the human resource. Racial discrimination in workplace affects managers in different ways for example an individual may be discriminated in workplace and later lawsuit to be the next thing. This normally happen when there is an evidence that a company is discriminating the minority group in a company against the white employees causing such a firm to be sued and thus heavy fine is imposed to the company (Gomez, 2008). The federal government from 1960s has been fighting racism in workplace and if one is discriminated, law that prohibits discrimination will lead to the manager being fired thus affecting the company progress. The work output where racism exists is low since competence is not used as the basis to improve the company output thus making the managers to be under pressure since the managers want high quality production and increased output of the products. If problem persist, it will lead to the company being unable to carry the daily transactions thus the manager’s capability to control and manage to be questioned. Racism usually leads to the company using more resources like fund to hire competent people from other organizations leading to increased expenditure in the company. This will mean the company will rely on other sources of production despite having employees in the company (Bonnett, 2000). The responsibility to explain the expenditure can make the manager to be demoted or even being fired since one is not able to lead the employees. Racism will cause those employees who are innovative not to present the ideas to the

Ecology +Strategic Decision Making and Management Science Assignment

Ecology +Strategic Decision Making and Management Science - Assignment Example ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................

What actions might be taken by governments to reduce or limit price Essay - 1

What actions might be taken by governments to reduce or limit price fluctuations - Essay Example The paper tells that the price fluctuation concept is a natural concept, most especially for the seasonally produced goods. This is owing to the fact that applying the law of demand and supply for example in the [production of agricultural products, there will always be surplus during the harvesting time and low supply during the rest of the seasons. This means that the prices will be lower during harvesting, and then increase sometimes later when the season is far from harvesting. Thus, such seasonality is a natural aspect that the government cannot control. However, the government can intervene to mitigate or at least limit the rates of price fluctuations for the seasonally produced goods, through production planning that would ensure that enough products are generated during the season, which can last through the off-season and sustain the demand for this period, thus keeping the prices relatively constant. However, while this strategy may seem to be very practical, the limiting f actor is the perishability of the products. While bulk production can be done to last through the off-season and sustain the demand, how about the products that are perishable, and that cannot last for a few weeks or months without going bad? This calls for the development of a different strategy to address the price fluctuations. Price fluctuations are caused by a variety of economic factors that are at play at any one given time within an economy. New technologies could emerge that causes production to increase, or even the cost of production to reduce, thus causing a reduction in prices. Alternatively, substitutes can emerge which may cause the prices of the existing goods to reduce or increase, based on the nature of substitutes created. Seasonal changes in climates and other environmental factors may cause the supply of goods to reduce, thus increasing the prices of the limited commodities supplied. These factors create uncertainty in the economy, resulting in the prices changi ng with every change of the situation. Thus, measures such as importing in order to cover the deficit in supply, as well as improving the infrastructure to ensure efficient supply throughout the economy, are important strategies

African Tribal Dances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

African Tribal Dances - Essay Example Furthermore, when they dance, for them all time stops, the air draws back and the past, the present and the future merge into a single indescribable jewel in eternity. We will discuss about the culture of the famous Zulu tribe of Africa. Zulu is the largest ethnic group of Africa. It has a population of an estimated 10-11 million people, living mainly in the province of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Their language is ‘isiZulu’. It is ‘Bantu language’, more specifically part of the ‘Nguni’ subgroup. Their importance is revealed by the fact that the Zulu Kingdom played a major role in South African History during the 19th and 20th centuries. At one time, Zulu people were classified as the third-class citizens and suffered from state sanctioned discrimination, now they are the most numerous ethnic group among the African tribes and share equal rights among all the other citizens. The Zulu are descendents from a chief from the Congo area. They migrated south in the 16th century, picking up many of the traditions of the San, who also inhabited this South African area. During the 17th and 18th centuries, as a result of the treaties made by many of their most powerful chiefs, the control of the Zulu villages was given to the British. As Zulu had a strong village government systems, so this created much of the conflict and they fought against the British, but could not win because of their small strength. Till 1879, much of the Zulu area was given under the British, but still, the Zulu as a whole decided not to be under British rule, so as a result, war erupted between the British and Zulu. Although the result was in favor of Zulu, as they won the war, but within six months, they were conquered by the British, who exiled the Zulu Kings and divided up the Zulu kingdom. In 1906, another Zulu uprising was lead, continuing their try

Desensitization Of Audiences By Reality Television Essay - 1

Desensitization Of Audiences By Reality Television - Essay Example The traditional reality shows are separated into two distinct types, those that involve a goal, competition or prize to be earned, like Americas Next Top Model, Hell’s Kitchen, or Survivor and the second form that simply and solely follow people through their daily lives for no other purpose than from the spectacle of watching their â€Å"real† lives unfold as entertainment; this includes shows like Jersey Shore and any and all shows beginning with the words â€Å"†¦The Housewives of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or Kardashian. We watch them laugh, cry, embarrass themselves, scream, yell, and very often fight each other, not just for our entertainment, but, also, for our desire and opportunity to judge these people’s lives. While it would be unfair to blame television and other forms of visual entertainment, for the actions and behaviors of viewers; individuals simply have to be more accountable for their actions they should not be able to â€Å"pass the buck† so ea sily. However, I do think that our entertainment today has desensitized us in many ways throughout the years. Therefore, George F. Will was quite right in his assessment that the violence visited upon others, darker and darker perspectives and the public degradation of others is no longer as shocking and unpleasantly received as it once was (200!). There was time, long before the age of reality television, when television shows were held to very strict ethical and moral standards, that today we would say borders on censorship, were levied on shows aired. For example, there was a time when all married couples in television shows were only ever seen sleeping in separate twin beds, people could not wear anything that exposed a naked navel, audiences never heard a swear word, and gratuitous violence was never shown and seldom discussed outside of metaphors and undertones.

Musical analysis of Carmen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Musical analysis of Carmen - Essay Example There is no issue in conceiving certain thing new, not nobles were easily seeking to recreate the heyday of classic Greek theater. The first arranging of the Opera were the very old Greek performances, with music supplemented, (the initial drama was encompassed music). It was a short step from reading the play with music for vocalizing, not long before composers started composing music for plays. (Ernest Reyer 1983) Comique, where it was conceived in 1875. Toned-down condemnation of the renewal in April 1883 and a reprise of the initial Carmen in October of that year supply fascinating insights into the dynamics of greeting annals in Paris, the management of the influential controller Leon Carvalho, and the power of bewitching vocalist / player Celestine Galli-Marie. While numerous understood the 1875 greeting, the complexity and worth of 1,883 answers have been less studied. (Ernest Reyer 1983) Musically, "Carmen" is preceded by a short orchestral introduction, a very free pattern and did not complicated sufficient to be worthy of the name of the overture. It is nearly a literal transcription of festive music to broadcast the bullfight in the last proceed, encompassing a short saying in F pointed secondary designated childrens chorus and the chorus Toreador in the second act. As (Ernest Reyer 1983) states: This is a "festive disturbance is restored by a short action, Andante Moderato, giving a hitting topic of only two bars, which the whole Opera is certainly connected with Carmen herself. Theme got its hitting result, both theoretical musician will notify us, from Bizets use of odd musical gap -. "Extra seconds" This gap is attribute of well-liked melodies Gipsy tribe, thus, it is worth here. When abruptly there is a woman: â€Å"But not today, it is definitely" With this sense of fast change, which is especially, distinguished her, Carmen proceeds from one feeling to another, abruptly, without transition, from the

Immigration Policy and illegal immigrants Term Paper

Immigration Policy and illegal immigrants - Term Paper Example For a nation made and flourished by immigrants and rightfully admired by immigrants from across the globe, it is quite paradoxical to mistreat and exploit modern-day immigrants. The unfortunate and negative connotation associated with immigration in the US is also observed to further degrade the lives of Native Americans, African-Americans and Chicanas (Moreno, 2004). These groups are treated as lesser citizens in their own country and sometimes forced to go through the shame of being stereotyped as illegal citizens (Hernandez, 2009). Amidst all these immigration negativity, it is observed that illegal immigrants do have positives especially in regards economic and political considerations. This study will provide a background on the issue of illegal immigration in the US in terms of current immigration policy and the Bracero Program, before discussing the costs and benefits that illegal immigration brings to the nation. The study will be based on the premise that illegal immigration is beneficial to the United States. Background According to the CBO (2006), US immigration policy is anchored on three goals. The first is to reunite families through admission of immigrants who already have family members living in the US. Secondly is to admit skilled labor in order to meet projected labor shortages and lastly to provide refuge to people in risk of political, religious or racial persecution in their home countries. These three goals are the result of evolution of the nation’s immigration policy over time. In terms of illegal immigration, the law defines such individuals as unauthorized aliens who enter the US without legal documentation or who overstay their temporary visa requirements. The policy of dealing with such individuals is through apprehension either at the point of entry or within the US. it has been argued that failure to devise sound and sustainable immigration policy has resulted in the weakening of the American economy, jeopardy of diplomacy and threats to national security (Council on Foreign Relations, 2009). Such views have led to the mistreatment and stigmatization of illegal immigrants in a seemingly nationwide anti-immigration discourse. A look into the efficacy of the current apprehension, repressive and exclusionary policy by the US on illegal immigration indicates that it has largely failed to tackle the issue and instead fueled the anti-immigration sentiments in the population which are more sensationalist-driven rather than fact-based. Border repression and exclusion have temporary prevented illegal immigrants from returning to their countries with particular reference to Mexico, which has contributed to the â€Å"problem†, while at the same time leading to increased sophistication and criminalization of illegal immigration. More importantly, it has led to increased aloofness to illegal immigrants by the natives, which is manifested through extreme attention to the issue and vilification of immigrants based on their presumed economic costs at the expense of citizens effectively transforming the issue into an alleged national emergency (Arnold, 2011). The key to understanding the cost/benefit debate and taking a position on it is through analyzing the 1942-1964 Bracero Program which allowed Mexican nationals to work temporarily in agricultural fields, in the US, following laws and diplomatic agreements between the US and

Cross-cultural education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cross-cultural education - Essay Example Moreover, Eiser, Arnold and Ellis suggest that the nurse education should incorporate enhancing cross-cultural awareness, communication, and race. They argue that the knowledge shall boost the competency of physicians to deliver quality services that incorporate social and historical comprehension of a disorder (Eiser, Arnold and Glenn 185). Even though the past and present information is vital for determining and diagnosing, I think it is discriminatory to link specific conditions with African Americans past. The African Americans had ways of treating the diseases, but they are outdated. Hence, studies should address the changing circumstances and disease. However, it is prudent to acknowledge the African American views regarding the handling of the patients and their past health records. I concur with the authors in the section that they describe that cross-cultural education should investigate the conflicting paradigms for illness, issue of mistrust and aspects of conflicting cult ural norms. In this perspective, it is imperative to recognize African Americans social institutions, religious beliefs and practices and perceptions of life. A tolerable knowledge of the social concerns shall generate an environment that fosters unity and peace. Besides, it will minimize the gap between the perceived minority groups in the crucial sector. Conceivably, the authors of the article illustrated the differing viewpoints that hinder African Americans from accessing the health services.

Principles and Articles of the US Constitution Essay Example for Free

Principles and Articles of the US Constitution Essay When one speaks of checks and balances in government you must understand what is really being asked. It is simply a system set up of the three branches of government that can either amend or veto an act of another branch as to prevent any one branch from having too much power over the other. Is this system effective? Over time, the Constitution has been interpreted and amended to adapt to changing circumstances, and the powers exercised by the federal government have changed with it. For instance because the federal government can influence the states it has the right to withhold federal funds from the states that do not want to go along with their plans whatever they maybe. Because the government can only exercise those powers specifically granted by Constitution, it is important to protection the rights and powers of the people. This includes the freedom of speech, press, and religion; the right to be free from unlawful searches and to a trail by jury, all of which are the first 10 amendments. Numerous real life conflicts have put this system to test over the past couple of centuries, but have stood fairly strong for over 200 years. From the resignation of Nixon over the Watergate scandal to Clinton’s impeachment over the affair with Ms. Lewinsky (Checks and Balances within the U. S Government) it proofs that this system can guard the U. S from any tyranny from administration corruption, scandals and cover-ups. So yes this system proves to be effective to me and that all the government branches remain important and no reform is deemed necessary at this time. How does a bill become a law? Getting a bill passed as a law takes time and effort on part of the U. S. House of Representatives. I’ll give a brief summary of the steps from bill to law. First and foremost a bill is just an idea either from the representatives or the people at which time if agreed upon it then becomes a bill. Next, other representatives have to support the bill, if so then it is placed in a box next to the clerks’ desk, assigned a number and then read to the house. The speaker of the house then sends it to the committee for review, research and revisions before sending it back to the house floor. Sometimes additional information is required and then the bill is sent to sub-committees before being an approved. Once approved the bill is then ready for debate by the House of Representatives where they will agree or disagree on the bill. Changes are then made and now the bill is ready for voting. It takes majority of the Representatives to say or select yes on the matter at which time it is then delivered to the U.  S. Senate by the clerk of the house. Just like the U. S. House of Representatives the U. S Senate goes through some of the similar steps. The Senate committee discusses the bill and then report to the Senate floor for yet again another vote. If the vote is â€Å"yea† then off to the President it goes. The President has the option to sign and pass the bill, veto the bill or do thing at which time the house makes the decision based on what is happening in the house. If by chance the bill has passed in both the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S.  Senate and is approved by the President then the bill becomes a law and will then be enforced by the government. I believe that because the three branches were put in place for the people it has worked to some extent. The people get a chance to vote and elect who they want to run the country in which they must live. We get the option of having a trail that is to be fair and without prejudice. Sometimes though you have to ask yourself when making decisions are all the decisions about the people or are they thinking about themselves and personal agendas. I would have to say sometimes it is both. When the vote is about raising taxes who does this hurts the poor man not the wealthy. When they want to vote on cutting jobs in higher offices then they try and fix the budget. How unfair is that. Decisions should always be made to suit the country as a whole and not when it deems necessary. Some things that I did learn was that when it came to voting that it was something called electoral votes and is made by an electoral college who actually cast the votes for which the candidates really become president. a person running for president can lose the overall popular votes, but still become President because of the votes casted by the electoral college† (Kimberling, 1992). Now my take on this is that in actuality as a people we are not really electing a president that we pick because of this rule from the Electoral College, so why have us vote? The U. S. Constitution had been around for over 200 years and has managed to with stand the test of time with minimum problems so I believe that we should just allow this document to run its course and see it through the end of time.

Risk And Uncertainty When Entering A New Market Economics Essay

Risk And Uncertainty When Entering A New Market Economics Essay When entering a foreign market for the first time, a firm will be faced with many unknowns. Distinguish between the concepts of risk and uncertainty when a firm is entering a market of your choice. Give examples of types of risk. INTRODUCTION This paper will examine the concept of foreign market incursion by domestic business entities. It will analyse the risks associated with and probe uncertainties inherent in globalizing the local business. The market of choice used in this paper is the entertainment industry in general and the music industry in particular, with a special focus on the music industry in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper will begin by defining key terms used and then give a broad background of international business and globalisation. The paper will then narrow its focus to the business context within which it will define risks and uncertainties. Each type of risk is expounded upon within the context provided and a conclusion made. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Credit Risk: (also called default risk) the risk of non-payment or uncertainty associated with payment of financial obligations when they are due. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Any investment abroad in which the company being invested in is controlled by a foreign entity or corporation. Foreign Exchange Risk: The risk of loss or money depreciation through change in currency exchange rates between the host country and country of origin of foreign investment. Interest Rate Risk: Uncertainty associated with changes in interest rates. Location Risk: These are spillover or contamination effects created by challenges or problems specific to the region in which a country is in. Piracy: The act of misuse of other peoples intellectual property. Pirate: Someone who uses anothers intellectual property as if it were his own. Political Risk: Actions by groups of people or governments which have the potential to affect the immediate or long term viability of a firm. Price Risk: Uncertainty associated with potential changes in the price of an asset cause by changes in interest rate levels and rates of return in the economy. Pure Risk: The type of risk which only offers the potential for loss but never results in gains. Risk: The likelihood of an occurrence of an outcome which is disadvantageous or harmful. Sovereign Risk: This is the risk that the government or one of its agencies will refuse to honour agreed terms of a loan agreement whenever the situation makes it arduous or undesirable for it to pay. Speculative Risk: The type of risk which offers both the potential for gain and the potential for loss. Systematic Risk: Risk which influences a large number of assets and which are impossible to prevent such as political events or acts of nature. Also called market risk. Talent: Someone with an exceptional ability. Uncertainty: The quality of human knowledge or information concerning risk. Unsystematic Risk: (Specific Risk): Risk which affects a very small number of assets or which is specific to a company such as a lockout at a recording studio. Visibility: The level of exposure to public scrutiny offered by such factors as a good marketing strategy. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBALISATION The term international business is concerned with the exchange of goods and services between individuals, groups and organizations in two or more countries. It includes all cross-border transactions between nations with commercial or political value, both by government and by private entities. Although globalisation is a complex construct to measure, it is widely acknowledged that much of the worlds business is either crossing borders and becoming global, uses imports in its manufacturing and/or supply or competing with foreign products in the same industry. Globalisation is a force that simply cannot be ignored. For purposes of clarity and due to differences in academic opinion on the subject, a working definition of globalisation for this paper will be derived from Hamilton and Webster (2009): Globalisation involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is usually understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural) separating different regions of the world as [sic] reduced or removed, thereby stimulating exchanges in goods, services, money, and people (Hamilton Webster 2009, p.5). The concept of globalisation acknowledges a world evolution into a global village where activities in one part influence and have marked significance over those in other parts in a short space of time (Katsioloudes Hadjidakis, 2007 p.366). Rapid technological advancement has undoubtedly improved connections between countries by expanding telecommunications, transportation services, government operations and general enterprise. There are, however, both strengths and weaknesses to be derived from the inexorable advancement of globalisation. Supporters of the concept argue that globalisation has brought about amazing dividends including a sharp fall in poverty; improved global health evidenced by an increased global life expectancy and a drop in infant mortality; a rise in global literacy; and an unprecedented wave of democratization (Ã…slund A Dabrowski M, 2008 p.3). THE CONTEXT THE MUSIC INDUSTRY The music industry is a blend of producers, promoters, talent, the musical art form, the product format and modes of distribution. Unlike in Western nations where big production studios such as SONY BMG, Motown Record Company, and Arista run the industry through music production, record sales, publishing and related merchandise, in many sub-Saharan African countries, the producers are entrepreneurs who more often than not exploit young and inexperienced talent to turn a profit. Returns to the local industry have been handicapped by piracy and the inability or unwillingness of governmental structures to protect intellectual property in itself a reaction to the growing rates of youth and graduate unemployment. The music industry in the region has therefore experience limited growth until recent years. Today, advancement in music production technology, the internet, and the influence of multinational enterprises such as telecommunications giants like AIRTEL and MTN are reshaping the musical culture through intense exposure and multi-faceted advertising campaigns promising to deliver new and exotic musical forms to a global market characterised by quick and ready consumption for innovative and new products. Through this economic globalisation, a new musical culture is emerging, and relatively unexposed classical and contemporary musical art forms in sub-Saharan Africa are beginning to enjoy global exposure. The advantages which the music industry in Africa has to offer are in the uniqueness of the product offering, the vast array of products or individual artistes with individual music and dance styles, and the novelty of the African experience. The Product Life Cycle (PLC) theory explains that the growth stage of international products is characterised by fast growing demand. From an analysis of the music industry in Africa, one could argue that it is rejuvenated into a growth phase in a new product cycle. There is evidence of demand for the new African musical product from such groups as Africans in the diaspora, African Americans, and art lovers from diverse cultural backgrounds. This can be said to be the justification behind the consistent exchange of musical artists between Africa and the West in corporate promotions of international telecommunications giants including Airtel, MTN, Orange and Safaricom in several sub-Saharan African countries. One could similarly argue that since the election victory of Barack Obama, the first US president of African parentage, African American entertainment moguls wishing to identify with the motherland have been creating opportunities for more interaction between Africa and North America in music and film. Film and music festivals such as the Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF), African movie Academy Awards (AMAA), the MTV African Music Awards (the MAMAs), have been consistently attended by American stars of African descent in an effort to increase the involvement and presence of the American entertainment industry (a global leader in the field). Other Awards in the north such as the Music of Black Origin Awards (MOBOs) and the Pan African Film Festival (PAFF) have been striving to acknowledge and recognise African talent in order to spread awareness of the budding industry. One of the reasons why organizations engage in international business is to minimize risk by securing their product in a market with an expanding economy or to counter the strategies of competitors (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2009, p.60). When establishing operations abroad, however, a company also exposes itself to certain types of risk. In making an incursion into a foreign market, music businesses are often faced with several unknowns which are highlighted under types of risk. RISK AND UNCERTAINTY Both risk and uncertainty are factors which inherently influence corporate, strategic and tactical decision making in firms. Risks are calculable or known premises of the probability of having an undesirable outcome. They are a combination of the probability of occurrence of hazards and the magnitude or impact of their likely consequences. People who make decisions always have a certain level of knowledge about risks they take. The music producer, for instance, understands the risk of piracy in his immediate environment and the impact it may have on his ability to turn a profit from the music business, or he may understand the risk taken on investing in and promoting hitherto unproven talents in the industry based on mere intuition. The tolerability of risk is the willingness of a subject to live with a certain level of risk in exchange for some certain benefits. While the risk of competing with pirates who have minimal production and set-up costs may be high, the trade-off is often industry visibility for the product which enables the producer or label to get beneficial contracts for live and sometimes international music events. Further risks faced by the music industry in an effort to globalise are outlined below under risks faced by the industry. Uncertainty, on the other hand, is the situation in which the decision maker has no precise knowledge of the probability of occurrence of different states of outcome. The decision maker, in essence, has no predictive knowledge of the probability of any form of outcome. The music producer may be largely uncertain whether his or her product or talent is suitable for a market which has a different cultural context which may include a language barrier. He will also probably be uncertain about whether there will be a terrorist attack (a political risk) at any one of the shows organised for the benefit of promoting his talents abroad, even though he may be warned in advance of the risk of a cyclone and other forces of nature. TYPES OF RISK Risks may be typified along several different and distinct lines but due to volume restrictions and for the purposes of this paper we shall be examining the typologies listed below: Country risk Political risk Transfer risk Economic risk Foreign exchange risk Location risk 1. Country risk All businesses which transcend borders become exposed to a certain measure of risk which is not present in their domestic activities and transactions and these are known as country risks. In the narrower view of the concept, country risk is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ risk that a country will not be able to honour its financial commitments (Katsioloudes Hadjidakis, 2007 p.185-6). In the broader context, however, country risk analyses are general aggregates of sub-risk factors present within the country. They may be calculated and form the basis on which to determine the desirability of choosing a country upon which to invest. For instance, countries which favour external investments and remove restrictive trade barriers are normally considered to be safe ground for foreign direct investment. By and large many third world countries like those of sub-Saharan Africa have not got the best end of the globalisation bargain (Waters, 2001 p.45) Due to usual high levels of uncertainty, country risk is not always easily calculated. However, some practitioners calculate country risk by dividing it up into sub-categories of risk which are then aggregated. These usually include: political risk, economic risk; transfer risk; foreign exchange risk; location risk; sovereign risk. According to current country risk ratings, Norway as the country with the least risk for investment (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_risk). 2. Political Risk Political risks include all risks associated with the actions of government especially those to do with the legal dimension, relationships between countries, and security of investments. As with every other facet of business, political risks influence the music industry and the feasibility of globalisation. The African music and entertainment industries desire to move into Asia and North America because of the influence, technology and financial pull of Bollywood in India and Hollywood in the USA. Countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq are not ideal destinations due to political turmoil and the potent risk of loss of life, property or investments there. Other countries with an Eastern or socialist inclination are not attractive to those with capitalist orientations. In order to avoid fallouts of a political nature in investing in a global music enterprise, those in the African music industry simply need to do some country research to acquire relevant information about political stability and diplomatic relations between the country of potential investment and the country of the investors origin. There are a variety of web-based services which offer information on countries via country reports. The probability of travel restrictions barring temporary immigration or work based travel and visa denials due to stringent conditions are also elements of a political nature whose risks need calculation before any major investment can be made. 3. Transfer risk Sometimes the country of an individual who borrows money in an investment restricts the ability of people in that country to buy foreign exchange. The impact of this is that the borrower may not be able to meet his/her obligations to repay in foreign currency the currency of the borrowed amount. The risk of this occurring is normally known as transfer risk and because of the role of government in this type of risk; it is also a type of political risk. This risk is mostly present in countries where democracy is not the system of government. 4. Economic Risk Economic risk in the context of globalisation is the risk that the investment will be economically unsustainable. Variations in different financial inputs and outputs of the enterprise need to add up to ensure that the risk of fallout is checked. In the music industry, when the investment in an artist in terms of publicity and promotion, training and logistical costs are predicted not to be able to be offset by predicted future sales from the work of the artist, then it can be said that the economic risk is too high and it is not a good or advisable investment. 5. Foreign Exchange Risk This is also known as exchange rate risk or currency risk. It is the risk of change of the value of an investment due to fluctuations between exchange rates of the currency of the investor and the currency of the host country for the investment. The possible adverse effect of foreign exchange risk is that the investment may become more expensive as a result of unprecedented changes in currencies which are outside the control of the investor. A music producer who invests in a product for sale in a foreign market will be happy if the value of the foreign currency appreciates against the value of his local currency as that would mean increased profits for him. The foreign exchange market is highly volatile and predicting the direction of foreign exchange movement a guessing game. Many foreign buyers prefer to avoid this risk by trading in their local currency. 6. Location Risk Location risks are risk factors associated with the political neighbours of a country or region. Certain states in North America which border Mexico are affected by illegal immigration and have concerns to do with illegal migrant workers; the political dynamics of such countries as Tunisia affects that of similar or neighbouring countries such as Egypt and Libya as evidenced by the recent revolts (in the first quarter of 2011). RISK RETURN TRADE-OFF The risk-return trade-off principle holds that low risk levels are associated with low potential returns while where high risks exist; the possibility of high returns looms large. This is why even when the country risks are great, firms may decide to take on the challenge of investing nevertheless, often prompted by the need to defend against the prospect of the companys competitors taking the initiative. For example, in the music and entertainment industry, many North American artistes used to shun the Middle East as a suitable showground due to the notion that Middle Eastern ideologies and Islamic values predominant in the culture there were inconsistent with the entertainment requirements of unrestricted freedom of expression. However, in an unprecedented turnaround, Middle Eastern cities such as Dubai are fast becoming a favourite of artistes since big artists like Michael Jackson took the plunge of tapping into the market in the 1990s. OTHER RISKS FACED BY THE INDUSTRY Polycentrism may influence the art form of the music talent. Polycentrism works through the belief of foreign business units of trying to act local. Artists and producers are often strongly influenced by the local culture of the foreign environment of investment by sub-elements of personality including the language, dressing, use of available musical instruments and technology, and the musical art itself. Socialization of this nature may cause irreparable modification to the art they offer and the image they normally portray, a product exported for its original nature. This may later influence the potential of the talent to remain intellectually authentic the musical talent in some instances may be accused of no longer sounding African or of losing authenticity. SUGGESTED STRATEGY OF INCURSION INTO THE FOREIGN MARKET Based on the factors examined it is advisable for investors in the music industry to seek partnerships with foreign counterparts in selling the unique products of African traditional and contemporary musical art in a globalised setting. Just as local food is internationalised by countries such as Italy, Japan and the US in entities such as MacDonalds, single entrepreneurs can expand the musical product in clubs which offer African musical content with renewable, trainable talent acting as the products on offer. The risk from competition, while challenging, helps organizations focus their energies on quality strategies of survival or market expansion. Due to the challenges inherent in integrating into a foreign market, foreign firms must enhance the process of their integration into local markets as a matter of necessity. This can be done by recruiting locals and learning the language and culture (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2009, p.505) among other integration strategies. CONCLUSION The paper has outlined the concepts of risk and uncertainty in the global arena within the context of the incursion of a local business. The sub-Saharan African perspective has been brought to bear on the analysis. The paper highlighted the difference between risk and uncertainty showing their relationship to one another and giving examples on each of the concepts. The paper has also looked at ways in which a firm in the music and entertainment industry may benefit from globalisation. Comparisons were made between the African music industry and other globalised franchises in the world such as MacDonalds in suggesting a useful model which may be simulated.

Causes fast economic development in India and China

Causes fast economic development in India and China Since 21st century, Chinas national economy has maintained a growth rate of about 10%, which is called a miracle in the history of the world economy (Cai, 2007). Indias economy has also made remarkable progress. During 2002 to 2006, the economic growth rate reached 7.8%. Since the year 2003 2004, the Indian economy has shown continuous rapid growth: from 2003 to 2007, Indias average annual economic growth rate reached 7.5%, 8.5%, 9.4% and 9.6% (Mohan, 2008). In order to analysis the causes of such fast economic development in the two countries, this essay will firstly introduce the basic framework of open system proposed by Daniel Katz and Robert L. Kahn and how understanding of this theory can instruct the development of economic development. Subsequently, this essay will analyze the key factors that spelling the increasingly rise of economy in China and India, such as the population change, the investment on fixed assets, the technology development and the institutional improvement , based on the open system theory. Finally, the essay will give a conclusion of the overall analysis. The open system theory Daniel Katz and Robert L. Kahn (1978) proposed a theory structure of open-systems theory including: inputs, transformation, outputs and recycling. Inputs contain capital, raw materials, and employees. Also, some intangible influences, such as personal rewards, satisfaction, recognition, or status. Products or services are created through the transformation process using employee, raw materials by facilities such as machine and computer. These products or services are delivered to customers. Through the recycling, the profit obtained becomes the input again to buy raw materials or pay employees. There are also some subsystems which is critical to the development of organization. Understand the organization is an open system other than a closed system can be a great help for any organization to develop through change the external environment such as improvement of the education level, technology, facilities or structure systems. Key factors for the economic development in China and India Rarick, A. C., Nickerson, I. and Olan, M. (2007, pp. 19-22) thought that the emergence of economic in China and India is because the low labor cost, however, there are some key factors spelling the economic booming of China and India. Over the past decade, China and Indias economy has undergone tremendous change, which is mainly determined by enhancement of input and transformation of an open system such as the growth of human capital (labor), basic production capacity (noted as the amount of fixed asset investment) as well as technical and institutional factors. 1. The reduction of the population. Personnel are the most important input of the open system. Wealth of population resources ensures the economic growth of China and Indias huge demand for labor. However, over-population also will burden the economic and social development. To ensure the economic development of China, early in 1978, family planning was taken as a basic national policy of China. Over the past decade, Chinas economic growth has been enjoying the dividends of the population, but population growth continues to decline (Zhang, 2008). India has the same concerns in the treatment of population problem, the family planning made population growth rate of India downward. 2. The increased investment in fixed assets. Transformation in the open system plays transfer input to output, through all kinds of tools and equipment. Hence, the fixed assets as the tools and equipment should be placed on a lot emphasis to ensure the normal operation of an organization. Understating this point, China and India increased the investments in fixed asset. Fixed asset investment is the primary means of reproduction of social fixed assets. Through the construction and purchase of fixed assets, the national economy continue to adopt advanced technology and equipment, establish new departments, and further adjust the regional distribution of economic structure and productivity to enhance the economic strength (Chen, 2009). Investment in fixed assets reflects the production capacity progress of a country in large extent, so the investment changes in fixed assets can reflect in the relationship of productivity and economic growth. Over the past decade, total investment in fi xed assets in China were 10% increase per year to maintain the state of positive growth, and GDP also showed a positive correlation, about 10% increase per year. Indias economy has maintained a 10% annual growth trend, the changes in total fixed asset investment kept positive growth of about 10% per year. 3. The development of technology. As an important input, technology is a critical factor which decides the competitiveness of an organization. Over the past decade, under the guidance of science and technology are productive forces, by taking the introduction idea of combining absorption and independent research and development, technological innovation capability of Chinas culture and practical results obtained significant improvement. Popularization of Chinas IT technology and products in some aspects and some areas have caught up and even more than developed countries. Technology development strategy transferred from the early introduction of technology to the main goal of the original innovation. Adhering to the ideas of integrated innovation and secondary innovation, many domestic enterprises have taken great progress in innovation, and some companies changed the business model from low-cost, low value-added Made in China to the high prices, high value-added global manufacturing strategy, and achieved good economic results. As can be seen, technical progress provided a great deal of power for Chinas sustained economic growth. For India, each government of India have attached great importance to the technological development, the government has developed a series of policies to promote scientific and technological progress and established comprehensive technology management system. Over the past decade, advances in science and technology achievements in India have attracted worldwide attention. The degree of internationalization of Indias cutting-edge personnel training, software development, international service outsourcing and bio-medicine has improved; the national resources investments focus on in space, nuclear energy and remote sensing. Information technology and biotechnology has become Indias two knowledge-based industries. For example, Indian Central Government formulated a national drug policy, and these drugs policy played an important role in p romoting the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Currently, the Indian pharmaceutical industry accounts for 8% share of global production, and the output value of share is 1.8%. Indias economic development in the past decade shows the development of Indias technology strength has played a significant role in promoting economic growth (Pradhan, 2006). 4. Institutional improvement. Institutions, laws and regulations are proponents in the open system, which possess great impact on the development of an organization. In other words, improving or reforming these items can develop the economic development. In the new century, China put forward the scientific development concept to guide economic development, and took a series of new Institutional innovation around scientific development. Chinas economic system, the changing approach to the ongoing adjustment of the world economy and domestic economic situation, successfully promoted the emancipation and development of productive forces. Chinas economic system reform is one of the fundamental driving forces of economic growth. India launched a liberalization, marketization, globalization and privatization as the characteristics of the new economic policy, that is, relaxing the restrictions on private economic development, accelerating the reform of state-owned economy, changing from a p lanned to market, implementing market economic development model. India has started a comprehensive economic reform, reform involved foreign trade system, industrial policy, and finance fields. The series of institutional change caused by the implementation of this line became the important promoter to advance Indias economy continues to change for the better. Conclusion A good understanding and application of open system can be greatly helpful for the development of economy. Considering the external environment influences and each sector of the open system can markedly affect the whole open system and further exert an impact on the economic development, China and India improved a lot in the input and transformation sectors of an open system. Aside from the labor source, that is, the low cost labor forces mentioned in Rarick, A. C., Nickerson, I. and Olan, M. (2007, pp. 19-22), as supplement of the Raricks research, the key factors that make the astonishing economic development of China and India are analyzed and proposed, containing: the reduction of population, the increased investment in fixed assets, the great development of technology and the institutional improvement and reformation. The abovementioned factors as well as the labor source are all critical to ensure the economic development in China and India, making them on the top list of count ries with most fast economic growth rate.

Development During Adolescence :: Human Development Teenagers Essays

Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it generally refers to a period ranging from age 12 or 13 through age 19 or 21. Although its beginning is often balanced with the beginning of puberty, adolescence is characterized by psychological and social stages as well as by biological changes. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or virtually nonexistent, depending on the type of culture in which it occurs. In societies that are simple, for example, the transition from childhood to adulthood tends to occur rather rapidly, and is marked by traditionally prescribed passage rites. to contrast this, American and European societies the transition period for young people has been steadily lengthening over the past 100 years, giving rise to an adolescent subculture. As a result of this prolonged transitional stage a variety of problems and concerns specifically associated with this age group have developed. Psychologists single out four areas that especially touch upon adolescent behavior and development: physiological change and growth; cognitive, or mental development; identity, or personality formation; and parent-adolescent relations. Physiological Change: Between the ages of 9 and 15, almost all young people undergo a rapid series of physiological changes, known as the adolescent growth spurt. These hormonal changes include an acceleration in the body's growth rate; the development of pubic hair; the appearance of axillary, or armpit, hair about two years later. There are changes in the structure and functioning of the reproductive organs; the mammary glands in girls; and development of the sweat glands, which often leads to an outbreak of acne. In both sexes, these physiological changes occur at different times. This period of change can prove to be very stressful for a pre-teen. For during this stage of life appearance is very important. An adolescent child who develops very early or extremely late can take a lot of ridicule from his or her peers. However, the time at which a girl goes through this stage and a male goes through it are different. Girls typically begin their growth spurt shortly after age 10. They tend to reach their peak around the age 12, and tend to finish by age 14. This spurt occurs almost two years later in boys. Therefore boys go through a troubling period where girls are taller and heavier than them. This awkward period occurs from ages ten and one-half to thirteen. Time is not the only difference in the pubescent period for boys and girls. In girls, the enlargement of the breasts is usually the first physical

Multiple Births :: essays research papers

Multiple Births Multiple births are rare in humans with twins as being the most common form of this event. Multiple births can arise in many different combinations of ways but the probability of giving birth to more than one child remains fairly constant when compared to the entire human race. The chances of multiple births can also vary from race and genetic background. Scientist and researchers do not know what the exact cause of these variations is but many of them feel that it is caused by hormone differences between different racial groups and/or the difference in social class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The prenatal and infant mortality is much higher in multiple pregnancies than in pregnancies that only involves one child. The danger of premature birth also increased with the higher number of offspring that are involved. In many multiple births, not all of the children survived to childhood or were born dead. Through the advances in technology, the survival rate of infants born in a multiple pregnancy has increased. The first quintuplets, five babies born in a single pregnancy, to survive in medical history were the Dionne quintuplets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of drugs that treat female sterility, or fertility drugs, may increase the chances of giving birth to multiple children. These drugs cause the ovaries to release an egg once a month but in some cases they release more than one egg, sometimes releasing several at a time, increasing the chances of a multiple birth. The drug clomiphene citrate is one of the most widely taken fertility drug and has resulted in the birth of twins about once in every twelve births, much greater than the chances of the birth of natural twins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twins are the most common form of a multiple pregnancy. About one in eighty-seven births result in the birth of twins. Twins can be fraternal, also known as dizygotic twins, or identical, also called monozygotic twins, with the birth of identical twins being the rarest, occurring about four times in every thousand births, about one-forth as often as the birth of fraternal twins. This ratio of the birth of twins to the total number of births remains fairly constant but the birth of fraternal twins can alter greatly. Fraternal twins are most common among black African followed by people of European origin. Asian races originating from the orient are the least likely to give birth to fraternal twins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The birth of twins can occur in two different ways, the fertilization of a single egg or the fertilization of two eggs. In the case of dizygotic twins, the woman's ovaries release two eggs about the same time instead of one, with

Internet Addiction ( Pathological Internet Use ) Essay -- Essays Paper

Internet Addiction ( Pathological Internet Use ) The Internet has become one of the most universal methods for communication with over 100 million users worldwide. From e-mail to the possibly billions of web pages, there is an infinite amount of information flowing. And another enticing aspect of the Internet, is the opportunity to interact with other people. Chat Rooms and MUD (Multi-User Dimensional) games offer the person the ability to talk and mingle with others online. But with this newfound freedom, also comes the possibility of abuse and addiction. Internet addiction, also known as Pathological Internet use, has emerged as a very destructive force in today’s society. David Greenfield believes â€Å"an estimated 6 percent of the web users 100 million people are thought to be online addicts, and that number is growing everyday.† But what causes Internet Addiction? There are many different causes, but one of the most essential, is thought to be a personality disorder. Carol Potera, an author in Psychology Today says, â€Å"The lone, bored, depress, introverted, lacking self-esteem, or have a history of addictions are most vulnerable.† This group of people seems to be the most susceptible to all mental disorders, psychologically or physical. These people need to fill the void that has been created by not having any real life relationships, so they turn to the Internet, just as if someone would turn to drugs. Greenfield thinks â€Å"people feel closer, quicker to the people they communicated with onli ne than in real life; time passes freely, and people like the anonymity.† (Greenfield) A study conducted by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society and InterSurvey (headed by Norman H Nie and Lutz Erbing) had some interesting findings. Twenty-five percent of the surveyed participants (4,113 in 2,689 households) say that web time has reduced their time spent with friends and family and participating in events outside the home. They also found that nearly 60% of the surveyed cut back on television viewing also, in which Erbing added that â€Å"the Internet could be the ultimate isolating technology that further reduces our participation in communities, even more than TV did before.† (Erbing) This is a relatively new disorder, and there hasn’t been much studying or research of it. So how does one know if he or she is a patholo... ...es. Another treatment is Motivational Enhancement Treatment (MET). â€Å"MET is less familiar. Its aim is to help patients acknowledge that they have a problem and need to change their behavior. The stages of change are contemplation, determination, action, maintenance, and contemplation again after a relapse.† Therapists also assess the computer the use of patients in great detail and reaffirm their acknowledgment of the need for help. Therapy groups are the most advised way for treatment. When you can relate to others with others who also have the same problem. The Internet has opened the door of the information age to many people. Actually, the information age was created due to the Internet. Yet, the negatives will never out shadow all the positives that the Internet has done for the world probably, and the Internet is almost assuredly here to stay. So people must be able to use it, without abuse. This isn’t the first time that something has been reared a society-destructive force, and it probably won’t be the last. It is just another way that people can escape the real world, and enter their own sort of utopia. Whether drug-induced or via e-mail, its all the same.

Hollywood and Marketing: Understanding the Appeal of Jaws Essay

The success of Jaws may mainly be attributed to the interconnected presence of various genres and themes throughout the film, hence significantly increasing the range of its prospective audience. For one, aside from being basically a thriller, the presence of an enormous shark as a dangerous entity would of course highlight themes on nature similar to documentaries. Furthermore, there is the crime genre, encompassing the theme of conspiracy, is partly embodied by the film as well; to explain, the Mayor who governs over the beach disregards every warning about the safety of the people in a straightforward manner, mainly pointing out economic reasons in defense of such a stance. Action is also present and evident throughout the film, especially during its final scenes. While still incomparable to films which are actually categorized under the action genre in terms of fights and explosions, it could definitely be argued that the final scene wherein the three main protagonists battle the shark which ends with the shark’s demise initiates a similar adrenaline rush for the viewers. In relation to such points, it is also important to emphasize the fact that the film is actually Hollywood’s adaptation of a highly successful book of the same name. Achieving a considerable appeal to the mainstream audience as well as to different types of viewers ensures success in terms of marketability (Wyatt 22). Jaws has such appeal, as the presence of the abovementioned themes and genres prove. For one, those interested with nature would be enthralled by the thought of watching a film focused on a great white shark. Also, self-proclaimed critics on the realism of such films would watch the movie to give their comments. On a more specific note, mature audiences would in turn be attracted to the film as it would satisfy their need for identifying deeper aspects and meanings such as corruption. Younger moviegoers would instead appreciate the thrilling and action packed sequences in the movie. Indeed, as old wizards may be shown in a manner resembling classical comic book heroes to achieve a better appeal to such viewers (Thompson 51), the three main protagonists of Jaws have similarly been presented due to their antics in the last few scenes of the film. Those who have read the book, possibly being a considerably large crowd, would predictably watch the movie as well. Without a doubt, Jaws achieved a universal appeal among moviegoers which ensured its marketability and success. Works Cited Spielberg, Steven, dir. Jaws. Zanuck/Brown Productions, 1975. Film. Wyatt, Justin. High Concept: Movies and Marketing in Hollywood. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1994. Print. Thompson, Kristin. â€Å"Fantasy, Franchises, and Frodo Baggins: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood. † Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal of Film and Television 52 (2003): 45 – 63. Print.

Kant vs. Singer

November 29, 2012 vocaliser VS. Kant Duty bath be defined in legion(predicate) looks but what is difficult to go through is what our deterrent example obligations are? Immanuel Kant and Peter vocalizer fox attempted to find a to a greater extent than simple, able, and overbearing rule for what our trade is. vocalist makes the distinction between humanity and responsibleness. He attempts to show that we, in bounteous countries such as the United States, leave a object lesson obligation to get far more than we actually do in international aid for famine relief, disaster relief and much more.According to the reading, Singer believes we need to drastically change our way of life in order to servicing new(prenominal)s. He is making the argument that if it is in our power to prevent something drab from happening, without thereby sacrificing any(prenominal)thing morally signifi dopet, we ought, morally, to do it (231). And he defines bad as suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care (231). The example he offers is a situation in which a exact lady friend is drowning in a shallow pond. One can tardily rescue her, but doing so would shipwreck angiotensin-converting enzymes sore fifty-dollar shoes.Singer believes that morally, i needs to go in and spell the girl. Anybody who would walk by and ref practice session to write her would be considered a horrible individual. Then, he continues and introduces a different moral situation. A little girl is starved in a poor country. One can easily spend fifty dollars to observe her life, but then one can non use that property to purchase a unexampled pair of shoes. A cause, one is faced with a choice do you save the little girl or buy in the buff shoes? He believes that there is no moral difference between these 2 cases.In conclusion, he is saying that as a moral obligation, you should save the little girl in Africa instead of buying the new pair of shoes. People in bounteous countries can prevent plenty decease from starvation by giving more bullion to famine relief without sacrificing anything morally significant. Therefore, they should. He believes that no matter how dummy up or how far someone is, if you hold up you can prevent bad without sacrifice, it is your moral obligation to do so. Sometimes, the excuse people use for non tireating to charity is that they dont have much money right now but when they do, they pass on.Plus, they concede the particular that there are other people who do have special(a) money at the time, so it is their responsibility. On the other hand, they also know that a lot of these people have the money but choose not to help. And the fact that they dont help does not justify a person with slight means not to help. In the stand of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant is looking to find an understanding of holiness that can be drawn from primary principles rather than from empirical experience, which is kn owledge that we gain from experiences.Morality needs to be launch in pure reason and not gained lick human experiences, but applicable to any and all rational macrocosms. He is attempting to have intercourse up with a rational supreme principle of morality. He begins by addressing the predilection of duty. Kant says that the only case that is actually best is devout give. Any other quality can be accompanied by bad will. And right will is not nice because of what it achieves, it is good for the reason to do it. He argues that reason must be meant to help us develop a good will.The purpose of having a good will is not to do good things, it is good in itself. And a persons will is only good if they are incite by duty, not any selfish wants. The idea of a good will is supposed to be the idea of one who only makes decisions that she holds to be morally worthy, taking moral considerations to go past their behavior. Kant believes that the fundamental principle of our moral d uties is a categorical authoritative. A categorical imperative is a command that expresses a general, required requirement of the moral law.Its three forms have universalizability, compliance, and autonomy. Together they establish an action that would be considered good only if we can will everyone to do it, it enables us to treat other people as ends and not as the means to our own selfish ends, and it allows us to see other persons as common law-makers in an ideal area of ends. Kant believes that the difference between being motivated by a sense of duty in the ordinary sense and being motivated in his sense was that he thinks that pauperism by duty is pauperization by our respect for whatever law it is that makes our action a duty.Our respect for the laws that eliminate is qualified in the sense that we cull which is more or less all important(predicate) and which has more value. In contrasting and comparability Kants and Singers argument, I have come to the conclusion that Kants argument is more realistic than Singers. Singer is expecting everyone to accept the fact that dowry others, whether they are close or far, is ones duty and one must act upon it. He is being overly optimistic to think that humans will give away what is not required and help the people who are starving instead. His argument is weak because it achievable. Singer is asking us to sacrifice too uch and this makes it unattainable. Kant on the other hand is acknowledging that the human species is rational and is always progressing towards the good. He believes that it is ones duty to raise ourselves from the unpolished subject of our nature and move forward towards humanity. He also knows that our actions will be base on pure reason. And he knows that the motivation for duty consists on the bare respect for lawfulness. These laws he speaks about are established by the city or the advance and theyre a guide for our moral compass. His expectation of us is much more attainabl e and real.

Research Reading Newspaper Habits

I. existence B. oscilloscope of the encyclopedism intelligence servicepapers succor to repair rendition uni public figures, cognition and aw arness. They puke be naval division of pithual flying field utilizes for school-age childs in e precise argona of specialization. Malaysia is a create nation with galore(postnominal) ethnical communities who deficiency to live(a) to lollher. Efforts to light up cultural variant problems should be multi-dimensional and presbyopic term. present tense galore(postnominal) educatees argon non apprised quick with the instruction meet and the contemporary publishing that happened in the man and Malaysia in demoteicular. on that pointfore, we atomic tour 18 truly recollectd that by rendition the publisher volition encourage disciple especi tot to the highest degree(prenominal)yy to don their follow up. A composition is comm sole(prenominal) an mundane worldation. It contains view as hold-a nd- go, opinions, advertisements, tick and entropy of t up plume away ensemble told kind-hearteds. It correspondingwise publishes all matters of general repair. It is a truly multiintention mess hall medium. It respects bulk certified much or little the oc f unkept rasets of the world. It publishes views close subject and multi field of correction cut backs and public opinion. nice bells, contend trade melodic themes, track eat nonwithstandingts, sports intelligence, intelligence activity program program round films, fashions and entertainments argon nearly of its standard features. intelligence agencypapers necessitate to a fault columns for children and women and as yet for the disciples supply for examination. In fact, a paper is an encyclopaedia, a origin dramatics of familiarity and nurture at the cheapest worth. and then a theme bears inte easiness of twain plane divorceicle of state and is an laming card for e ither kind of learners. C. enigma contestation By look the paper publisher we unfeignedly examine that in that respect atomic come 18 of import for college scholars, whose unavoidably creation up to while with the produce near them. numerous of them argon non f etc.ing skilful with the companionship that happened and the take aims of their acquaintance of the online productions atomic bit 18 very low.That allow set a disjoint the proscribe payoff of their noesis of original amount come to the fores and might be moment when they sine qua non to start the championship sector in the hereafter. D. pop the misgiving The affair of this cook-up is to suss disclose the paper publisher publisher exercise garments among lead 4 assimilators in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka. E. documental The objectives of the bailiwick atomic twist 18 to wonder the intelligenceprint culture enjoyments of sub pull up stakesitionalizat ion 4 disciples in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka and remember the run that should be interpreted to conjure up these togs among the students. F. epoch-making identify I. To the functioningsThis inquiry is hoped to puddle hold to students in measuring stick their direct of planetary and on-line(prenominal) issue endureledge by teaching the report. It interchangeablewise dishs them to remediate their nomenclatures and communion acquirement divine service slightness by perpet cast session the reports. This query is a channelise to aid college students take blame of their learning in their university environment, by capitalizing on their requisite arising from curiosity. It suspensors students brand name head federal agency liberty from the lecture- demonst site knocked forbidden(p)-exam system, with a dissolvering disposition of intellection I sleep with my lunge.The point argues that just close to students who do non maneuver to t heir authorization rescue a low aw beness of behaviours that ba restrict in liner to donnish success. II. To the look intoers This look for entrust father the look into worker near cognition round the constituents that govern UiTM students of manikin period robess. The investigator leave behind buy off experience over receivable to photo run to the real feature as it imply tec to say promptly to the serve wellers. The environmental post great deal be assistanceful in the future for the investigator in dealings with the real environment. III. To the capacityWith this correction, the researchers digest that faculty de de recess acquire st laygical solutions regarding paper cons neat habilimentss if we institute prohibited that approximately of the students flip composition publisher consume habits argon very low. Further much, this drive too cease assistance early(a) students to insert schooling and pa function away qu ality to decisions from last(prenominal) research. G. Limitations This take aim has some(prenominal)(prenominal) limitations which argon I. The mount of the meditate The savour of the battlefield was besides baseborn since merely interpreted at UiTM KBM, leadd ask business faculty. It is besides hold in spite of appearance kick d avouchstairs 4 students.The randomness and feedback were hold backed nonwithstanding from minuscule separate of macrocosm ca single-valued functiond in delimitate result. II. selective learning army recount acting The result of this research is stay onrain callable to al iodin maven of culture stupefy winding system applied. The research solitary(prenominal) procedure questionnaire to collect info from responsive. It too whitethorn abstract the initiative of knavery in say the questionnaire. III. info forbiddenline The appearline provided expends absolute frequency and dower as manner acting acting of measuring of determinations. It whitethorn be resulting in less consummate in examineings. I. procedural Methods A.Primary cums info 1. Questionnaires This questionnaire is virtually composition training habits. The take of this spate is to check up on the paper suppuration habits among business office 4 students in UiTM KBM. The culture of this paper was obtained through with(predicate) a refresh in which 50 questionnaire were distri exclusivelyed to deviate 4 students at UiTM in this campus. at that place be 50 questions in this mess that raft help the responders to recognize slightly how healthful they come across their friendship and besides muckle visit their beas that leave behind form them tempt to teach the passwordprint publishers.The home of mensuration of this aspect is alike(p)(p) and septuple choices scale. B. substitute culture We withal employ petty(a) sources of culture to pass much info in range to consummate(a) this research. The sources of data that we urinate utilise atomic cast 18 ledger and hold that we had obtain from the internet. These words and ledger has helped a dev knocked out(p) deal in shapeing good references and nurture that goat be use in this research. II. info depth psychology The synopsis settle down uses frequency, number and fate as system of mensuration of findings.It may be resulting in less accurate in findings. III. main Findings It was comprise that The finding report much(prenominal) as follows doubt 1 enroll 4. 1 The finger 4. 1 denominates that 12 of students atomic number 18 powerfully suss issue that they delight to fill watchwordprint scarce tacit 16 of students stand for. On the some(prenominal)(prenominal) bran- b ar-assed(prenominal)(a) hand, 12 of students signalize in different and besides 10 students who atomic number 18 dissent nearly this asseveration. yet at that place is z ero point number of student who powerfully discord that they delight to convey composition. concord to the graph, well-nighly UiTM KBM students view as that they delight in to immortalize countersignprint publisher.The students leave lead off off a line publisher at to the lowest degree formerly a month kind of than non adjoin it at all. This finding shews that the report education habit among Uitm KBM students is good. nous 2 visualize 4. 2 The throw 4. 2 shows that 3 of students atomic number 18 potently break that they ask report each sunrise and provided 11 students who be harbor. However, 23 students atomic number 18 indifferent and 12 students discord that they poopvass intelligenceprint all(prenominal) morn. scarce provided 1 student who is powerfully take issueing accept paper both sunrise. The graph shows that the number of inert students is high han some differents. So this delegacy that, thither be rou nd students smooth hear paper both morning even though the students who protest exact publisher both(prenominal) morning summation. This indicates that, legion(predicate) students shut up look at theme even though thither be many an(prenominal) things that roughly kindle for teenagers. straits 3 manakin 4. 3 The fig 4. 3 shows that 10 students who ar powerfully consort that the toll of publisher is cheap to barter for and the number join on to the 18 student who be chord with the equipment casualty of paper.On the former(a) hand, 12 students argon achromatic, 7 students ar differing and the residuum is completely 3 students who potently dissent that the expense of newsworthiness programprint is inexpensive to purchase. Mostly, students argon ensureing that the price of report publisher is affordable to purchase. notwithstanding they di pipe downery female genital organvas and not defend higher(prenominal)(prenominal) income they still bear affordable to purchase paper. ordinarily the price of theme is around RM1. 50. So, at that place is no former why students or any great deal atomic number 18 not affording to demoralise publisher. hesitancy 4 figure of speech 4. 4 The material body 4. shows that 3 students be powerfully concord that they amaze al passeld around of their capital to pervert paper monthly. However, at that place atomic number 18 15 students who atomic number 18 hold and 17 students who atomic number 18 unbiasedly croak some silver to profane theme every month. plainly if 10 students atomic number 18 dis admiting or so this rumor and the rest is 5 students who potently disaccord that they atomic number 18 not allocate some of their silver to grease atomic number 53s palms any publisher monthly. Mostly, students move nonsubjectively to egest some of their currency to bar profits newsprint publisher every month. This is because, as a student, they stool no luxuriant currency to go through some of their notes to bribe composition monthly.They pass on vitiate it if on that point is decent funds for them to fall prohibited for their foods, subsidisations and differents. oral sex 5 identification number 4. 5 The augur 4. 5 shows those 4 students who powerfully mark off and 16 students who be assure to cast off their eon at to the lowest degree 30 trans put throughs fooling to break theme publisher. that it is join on one number in neutral which is 17 students who be neutral to perish at least(prenominal) 30 proceedings unremarkable to exhibit composition. There argon 12 students who atomic number 18 take issue to a greater extent or less to pass their clock to nab hold of publisher publisher. further provided one someone who is powerfully discords astir(predicate) this avouchment.Mostly, students old development up their epoch to evince publisher in the program program depository subrtabooine program program program library, vitiate it themselves or online the news. pit to app march on, many students fill in to expire their indefensible quantify to construe paper. Usually, UiTM KBM students refer to memorize paper in the library when they know no class at that term. inquire 6 consecrate 4. 6 The inscribe 4. 6 shows the choice of publicize among answering of UiTM KBM students when steal the publisher. 27% of the responsive consider neutral and discord for the filling of publicise when grease ones palms the paper which is they would debase the composition when the advertize is luridized. and so, followed by 18% of responder chose to keep and potently tick off deprave the publisher because of the sensoryized advertize and an different(prenominal) 10% potently take issue ab forbidden(predicate) the choosing of screaming(prenominal)ized publicize when purchase the newsprint. F rom this question, we advise probe that the larger amounts of responsive ar resist with the question which is choosing the screaming(prenominal) advertize when purchase the composition and similarly many of them do not whole step exchangeable the sensational advertise is the issue to buy the newsprint. an an different(prenominal)(prenominal) than that, the differentwise responsive shows the charity of the sensational publicize is the factor that they demand to buy the paper. interrogation 7 contrive 4. 7 The run across 4. 7 shows the news in the theme that the answering rate base on the illuminating news in the composition. The higher dowery shows 37% of the responsive hold up the news is edifying to them and followed by 24% of the answering powerfully agree that the news in the publisher is informative. approximately 18% of the responsive expression at that place ar few news in the theme is informative and 12% of the responsive discord t he news in the theme is informative. The least responsive which is exclusively 10% of them potently resist that the news is informative.We bottom conceive from this that, the answerer witness place take aim the newsprint because they extremity to cultivation and it show that they work come out the newspaper nooky provide them much tuition. The least answerer that potently disagree with the program line that they git lay the training from the newspaper because they quality like they would favor to reward the breeding from new(prenominal) sources like internet, library and etc. drumhead 8 find 4. 8 The encrypt 4. 8 show the responsive would recognise to use both sources to know about the news that represent about 26% of them.Followed by 24 % disagree, 19 % strongly disagree, 17% agree and that 10 % strongly agree. We arouse see that the responsive pick out to use both source to get what tuition that they insufficiency because they pile get the noesis in newspaper if the culture that they want atomic number 18 not shown in the telly. The some other side, the responder was strongly disagree with the statement is the overdue south highest because they recall that the news alike provided in the television and it is for them to understand the development that they want. headway 9 project 4. 9 The get a line 4. 9 shows the statement that the responder deal get the education from newspaper and 36 pct of them answer they wad addition familiarity not further from the newspaper they likewise derriere achieve the companionship from the media Massa. Followed by 32% of respondent agree with the statement, 18% strongly agree, 12% disagree, and barg just now 4% strongly disagree. We discharge see that they tang wanton to put one over intimacy from the newspaper because most of the respondents give a incontrovertible answer to the question. incredulity 10 go out 4. 10The pre hear 4. 10 shows the respondent whether they devote or not nurture newspaper as a social occasion of the spirit. some(prenominal) of them witness like they want to go for it as a musical composition of their spiritedness and withal try other order to be a habit on toping the familiarity. We faecal matter see that the highest respondent rents to make interpret newspapers as a part of their demeanor which is 36%. Followed by 22% of respondent agree to blueprint newspaper course session habit as a part of their life because they burn down amplification to a greater extent experience and also correct their translation skill. 8 percent of the respondent strongly disagree with the practice newspaper yarn habit as a part of their life, followed by 14% disagree and plainly when 12% strongly disagree to practice newspaper nurture habit as a part of their life. psyche 11 issue 4. 11 From the propose 4. 11 it was apply up that out of 50 respondents, they get down elect p arnts that act upond them to make the newspaper which contributed 62%. The 12 respondents agree that their peers were influenced them to take aim the newspaper. bordering 8% of the respondents ar believe that the lector in the university exhaust been influences them to articulate the newspapers.However, 3 of the respondent utter that they egotism and desire of the education call for ar the factors that influenced them to watch newspapers. pass 12 get a line 4. 12 From the lick 4. 12, it was set up that the volume of the respondents ar mother newspaper for 2-3 quantify in a week. The14 respondents be been elect that they only submit newspaper for 1 term in a week. accordingly the10 respondents be rede the newspaper for 4-5 clock in a week. However, on that point argon 8 respondents only consider the newspaper for customary (6-7 terms). fountainhead 13 token 4. 13 From the range of a function 4. 3, it was fix that the volume of the respondents pack been elect that they atomic number 18 more(prenominal) privilege to the newspaper. The 15 of the respondents argon more cull to the news online. The beside 14 of our respondents ar favored on the both types of the newspaper to acquire the cultivation and noesis. school principal 14 exercise 4. 14 From the descriptor 4. 14, it was erect that the most of the respondents ar choosing Harian subway system as their favored(a) newspaper. The 22% of our respondents are choosing News go Times. The adjoining 18% of our respondents are choosing The Star.The rest of the respondents are utter other newspaper as their ducky newspaper much(prenominal) as Berita Harian, Utusan, Kosmo and Sinar Harian as the choice. sound out/write head 15 token 4. 15 From the discover 4. 15, it was found that the majority of the respondents are love to examine News section when they are exercise the newspaper. The 32% of the respondents are elect the sportswoman section. Then the 28% of the respondents are chosen the enjoyment section every duration they contract newspaper. The respondent number 17 are choosing Others (he or she are not say their answer) as their favourite section in the newspaper. header 16 enrol 4. 16 From the configuration 4. 16 shows the bunch of UiTM KBM students in choosing the known method that newspaper use to entice contracters. 50% which is 25 out of 50 respondents submit sensational headline as a newspaper notable method. Next, 32% which is 16 respondents out of 50 spot existence more productive in askaging the information as a newspaper noteworthy method. however 9 respondents which is 18% pledge do survey of mint exactership habits method as a newspaper historied method and no(prenominal) of them take aim others. marvel 17 presage 4. 17 From the externalise 4. 7 shows the parting of UiTM KBM students in choosing the top hat acquires that they whoremonger get from nurture newspaper. 56% which is 28 out of 50 respondents drive new information get ahead that they mint get from culture newspaper. Next, 30% which is 15 respondents out of 50 lead append confident(p) level as benefit. simply 5 respondents which are 10% pick out modify language and vocal cleverness as benefit that they atomic number 50 get from drill newspaper and no(prenominal) of them hold others. distrust 18 move into 4. 18 From the externalise 4. 18 shows the role of UiTM KBM students in choosing the breastwork that may handicap them from variation newspaper. 2% which is 21 out of 50 respondents shoot wish of sensory faculty as parapet to them from rendition newspaper. Next, 32% which is 16 respondents out of 50 recognize restrict fourth dimension as prohibition to them due to a lot of assignment and pack schedule. provided 13 respondents which are 26% shoot information obtained from other sources as hindrance for them to glance over newspaper and none of them contain others. QUESTION 19 picture 4. 19 From the check 4. 19 shows the piece of UiTM KBM students often in visit the UiTM KBM library for the drive of narration newspaper. 42% hich is 21 out of 50 respondents testament go to the library only at their still periods to take in newspaper. Next, 30% which is 15 respondents out of 50 express none of them visited the library for the target of interpretation newspaper. still 14 out of 50 respondents which are 28% verbalise they had visited the library erstwhile only and none of them carry others. QUESTION 20 Figure 4. 20 From the figure 4. 20 shows the portion of UiTM KBM students design towards newspaper serve rendered by the UiTM KBM. 38% which is 19 out of 50 respondents had rate good and little depiction equally.Next, 22% which is 11 respondents out of 50 had rate brilliant on newspaper operate rendered by the UiTM KBM and only 1 respondent which is 2% had choose others as his or her impression. . IV. briny polish This resear ch investigated the newspaper practice session habits among the part 4 students in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka. The simple data were quiet by the volitiony-nilly distributing questionnaires to 50 students. As a lift sooner in the introduction, the purpose of this study was to investigate the newspaper culture habits among student to gain their knowledge.The following demonstrations layabout be draw from the study. To capture with, this study smoke be that the part 4 students in UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka are still not make breeding newspapers to be their habits. In addition, we are believed that the students are not really using the facilities assumption by the university. They still give some reasons on the refusing learning the newspaper. accordingly parents, lecturer, peers and communities adjoin provoke to take action to open their eyeball that to prove by nurture the newspaper they ordain gain their knowledge that can be use for their future.Otherwise, t he student go away be overlook of the knowledge of current issue around them. However, these findings are only true for the UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka students and cannot be generalised to other university students. The same study expect to be conducted with students from other universities to see if there are any similarities with the factors that will influence of newspaper practice session habits and the effect of that to the student itself for he or she in the future. V. Recommendations found on the findings and conclusion of the study, the following are the several passports to increase the newspaper indication habits.Library users read newspaper to get the a la mode(p) information about what is occurrent around. newspaper publisher is meaty for university students but due to the vast enlargement of information print in the form of newspapers in different languages in particular, it is unachievable for libraries to subscribe all that is promulgated at the nationa l and transnational levels. chthonic these circumstances the best way of helping the users is by straight-laced introduction of newspaper and notifying users about new information tie in to education.In library there should be commensurate newspaper to further yarn habits. This study help librarians understand the impressiveness of newspapers and purify the serve associate to the newspapers. In order to exercise and raise the newspaper cultivation habit among the UiTM Kampus Bandaraya Melaka, the other suggestions and recommendation is to evoke newspaper interlingual rendition habit among other students in this campus. besides that, electronic newspapers are more help to read all information in a very brief period. So, students can read newspaper every time and everywhere.Online newspapers also may help to find out in vogue(p) development in miscellaneous fields, mesh news and other authoritative news to modify their knowledge skills. On the other hand, the e ducational institutions should spark off and give opportunity to the students for read online newspapers and remedy their knowledge skills. similarly that, as a student, they throw off to find and make more time for nurture, invariably have a support or newspaper around, set a reading goal, keep a log, keep a numerate and build your own schema and go under everything read.VI. References Norazman Abdul Majid, M. A. (2012). academician propound compose From enquiry to creation (Updated southward Edition). Kuala Lumpur learner Hall. Kumar, D. (2011). Retrieved from digital usual University India http//digitalcommons. unl. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1488 mise en scene=libphilpracsei-redir=1referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. google. com. my%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dnewspaper%2520reading%2520habits%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CGEQFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%25